Intended use: The SALSA MLPA
probemix P241 MODY Mix 1 is an in vitro diagnostic (IVD)
1 or a research use only (RUO) assay for the detection of deletions or duplications in the human
HNF4A,
GCK,
HNF1A, and
HNF1B genes in order to confirm a potential cause and clinical diagnosis for Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) type 1, 2, 3, and 5, respectively. Furthermore, it is intended for the detection of deletions in the human
HNF1B gene in order to confirm a potential cause and clinical diagnosis for Renal Cysts and Diabetes Syndrome (RCAD).
This product can also be used for molecular genetic testing of at-risk family members/individuals. It is intended for use with human DNA extracted from peripheral blood. Deletions or duplications obtained with the P241 MODY probemix must be verified by another technique. In particular, deletions or duplications detected by only a single probe always require validation by another method. Most defects in the aforementioned genes are point mutations, none of which will be detected by MLPA. It is therefore recommended to use this SALSA MLPA probemix in combination with sequence analysis of the aforementioned genes. This assay is not intended to be used as standalone assay for clinical decisions. The results of this test should be interpreted by a clinical molecular geneticist or equivalent.
1Please note that this probemix is for In Vitro Diagnostic use (IVD) in the countries specified at the end of this product description. In all other countries, the product is for Research Use Only (RUO).
Clinical background: Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) is a distinct form of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NDDM, also known as type II diabetes). MODY has a dominant autosomal inheritance and generally develops in individuals under the age of 25 years. Of all diabetes patients, 1-5% suffer from MODY. As described below, 11 forms of MODY are identified. Each form is associated with one gene. MODY 1, 2 and 3 account for approximately 70% of the MODY cases. Pathogenic mutations in additional genes, for example
ABCC8 and
KCNJ11,
have also been described. These additional subtypes together account for approximately 1% of MODY. More information is available at
http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v22/n9/full/ejhg201414a.html.
Renal Cysts and Diabetes Syndrome (RCAD) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by diabetes and nondiabetic renal disease resulting from abnormal renal development. Whole
HNF1B gene deletions form a high proportion of RCAD cases. More information is available at
https://omim.org/entry/137920.
- MODY 1
is a result of defects in the
hepatocyte nuclear factor-4-alpha (
HNF4A) gene. The protein encoded by this gene regulates the expression of
HNF1A. Probes for
HNF4A are included in this P241 probemix
.
- MODY 2 is caused by mutations in the glucokinase gene (
GCK). Probes for
GCK are included in this P241 probemix
.
- MODY 3
is caused by defects in the
HNF1 homeobox A gene (
HNF1A). Probes for
HNF1A are included in this P241 probemix
.
- MODY 4 has been linked to defects in the pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 gene (
PDX1). Probes for
PDX1 are included in the P357 probemix.
- MODY 5 has been associated with the HNF1 homeobox B gene (
HNF1B). The gene is also associated with RCAD. Probes for
HNF1B are included in this P241 probemix and in the P357 probemix.
- MODY 6
has been linked to defects in the
NEUROD1 gene. Probes for
NEUROD1 are included in the P357 probemix.
- MODY 7 is caused by mutations in the krüppel-like factor 11 gene (
KLF11) on chromosome 2p25. Probes for
KLF11 are included in the P357 probemix.
- MODY 8 has been associated with defects in carboxyl-ester lipase gene (
CEL). Probes for
CEL are included in the P357 probemix.
- MODY 9
is caused by defects in the
paired box 4 gene (
PAX4). Probes for
PAX4 are included in the P357 probemix.
- MODY 10
has been linked to mutations in the insulin gene (
INS). Probes for
INS are included in the P357 probemix.
- MODY 11
has been linked to defects in the
B lymphoid tyrosine kinase gene (
BLK). No probes for
BLK have been included in probemix P241 or probemix P357.
Probemix content: The P241-E1 MODY Mix 1 probemix contains 52 MLPA probes with amplification products between 130 and 500 nt. It contains probes for the
HNF4A,
GCK,
HNF1A, and
HNF1B genes and is therefore specific for MODY 1, 2, 3, and 5. For the
HNF4A gene, 12 probes are included, furthermore 11 for the
GCK gene, 11 for the
HNF1A gene, and 10 for the
HNF1B gene. In addition, eight reference probes are included in this probemix. The identity of the genes detected by the reference probes is available online (
www.mlpa.com).
This probemix contains nine quality control fragments generating amplification products between 64 and 105 nt: four DNA Quantity Fragments (Q-fragments), two DNA Denaturation Fragments (D-fragments), one benchmark fragment, and one chromosome X and one chromosome Y-specific fragment. More information on how to interpret observations on these control fragments can be found in the MLPA General Protocol and online at
www.mlpa.com.